Imported Photovoltaic Power Modules

Imported photovoltaic modules are primarily sourced from Southeast Asia and China, with trade subject to tariffs and safeguard measures in key markets like the U.S. and Canada.

Global Supply Overview

The majority of global solar PV manufacturing has shifted to China over the past decade, with China now controlling over 80% of production across all stages, including polysilicon, wafers, cells, and modules. This concentration has lowered global costs but also creates supply chain dependencies and potential trade challenges for importing countries . China's industrial policies and investment in PV manufacturing have made it a dominant player in the global market .

U.S. Import Trends

In the United States, imported PV modules are a significant portion of the market. In 2024, the U.S. imported approximately $14 billion worth of solar PV modules, with nearly 40% coming from Vietnam. Other major sources include Malaysia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries . These imports largely replaced Chinese modules due to tariffs imposed in 2012 and expanded in 2015, although investigations have found some modules from Southeast Asia still contain Chinese components . Safeguard tariffs under Section 201 continue to apply, with exemptions for bifacial panels, and are designed to protect domestic manufacturers while allowing market adjustment .

Canadian Import Measures

Canada enforces anti-dumping and countervailing duties on certain PV modules and laminates originating from China. Specific exemptions exist for low-power modules, flexible modules for vehicles, and modules incorporated into other electrical goods. Importers must comply with the Canadian International Trade Tribunal's rulings, and duties are applied to future shipments of subject goods .

Key Considerations for Importers

• Tariffs and Safeguards: Both the U.S. and Canada impose tariffs on certain imported PV modules to protect domestic industries. Exemptions may apply depending on module type, power output, or assembly location .
• Supply Chain Concentration: Heavy reliance on Chinese manufacturing and Southeast Asian assembly creates potential risks in pricing, availability, and regulatory compliance .
• Market Trends: Despite tariffs, the U.S. solar market has grown, with declining module prices and increasing employment in the solar sector, reflecting continued demand for imported PV modules . Imported photovoltaic modules remain a critical component of global solar deployment, with trade policies, regional sourcing, and supply chain dynamics shaping availability and cost for end-users.