Fiber Optic Coupler Loss Table
Fiber optic coupler loss charts show typical insertion loss and excess loss for FBT and PLC splitters across different split ratios, essential for planning optical networks.
Overview of Fiber Optic Splitter Loss
Fiber optic splitters, also called fiber couplers, are passive devices that divide an optical signal into multiple outputs. Common types include FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) couplers and PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitters. The insertion loss (IL) represents the signal loss from the input port to a single output port, including both splitting loss and excess loss. Excess loss is the difference between the total input power and the sum of all output powers, ensuring total output is never higher than input .
Typical Insertion Loss Values
The insertion loss depends on the split ratio and the splitter type. Below are typical values for common split ratios:
| Splitter Type | Split Ratio | Typical Insertion Loss (dB) | Excess Loss (dB) |
|---|---|---|---|
| FBT | 1×2 | 3.5 | 0.1–0.5 |
| FBT | 1×4 | 7.2 | 0.2–0.6 |
| FBT | 1×8 | 10.5 | 0.3–0.7 |
| PLC | 1×2 | 3.6 | 0.1–0.3 |
| PLC | 1×4 | 7.3 | 0.2–0.4 |
| PLC | 1×8 | 10.5 | 0.3–0.5 |
| PLC | 1×16 | 13.5 | 0.3–0.6 |
| PLC | 1×32 | 17.0 | 0.4–0.7 |
These values are typical and may vary slightly depending on manufacturer, wavelength, and environmental conditions .
Factors Affecting Loss
- Temperature: FBT splitters operate stably from -5 to 75℃, while PLC splitters can handle -40 to 85℃, making PLC more suitable for extreme climates .
- Connectors and adapters: Additional insertion loss occurs when using LGX cassettes or patch panels.
- Split ratio: Higher split ratios (e.g., 1×32) result in higher insertion loss due to signal division.
Practical Use
- PON systems (GPON, EPON, FTTH): Splitters are the largest source of attenuation; selecting a splitter with low insertion and excess loss is critical to maintain the power budget .
- Network planning: Use the loss chart to calculate total optical budget, ensuring sufficient signal strength at each output port. Understanding these loss charts helps engineers optimize fiber optic networks, select appropriate splitters, and ensure reliable signal distribution across multiple endpoints.
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